TECHNOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

TECHNOLOGICAL CONTROVERSY - Essay Example As people use cell phone regularly and as it causes radiation it can cause cancer. The cell phone causing cancer is a controversial issue because some do not accept that this statement true. The scientific world has not gathered enough evidence to prove that cell phone can cause cancer. The assumption is based on the fact that the cell phone causes radiation. And radiation is a main reason for cancer. A continuous exposure to radiation is a fact that can convince the connection of cancer with cell phone use (NCI) .In theory, children have the potential to be at greater risk than adults for developing brain cancer from cell phones. Their nervous systems are still developing and therefore more vulnerable to factors that may cause cancer. So an examination of cell phone use and its effect on human body need to be studied. Scientists have been alerting people about the adverse effect of cell phone on humans. The fact is that the cell phone emits 1000 times higher than the base stations, and it has greater likelihood of causing problems to brain and upper part of human body. The epidemiological evidence suggests that there is an association between radio frequency emitted by wireless phones and head cancer. The radio frequency is classified by International Agency for Research on cancer as possibly carcinogens to humans. According to (Burrell 23-34 ) â€Å"A Swedish study on the use of wireless phones, including cell phones and cordless phones, has uncovered a link between electromagnetic radiation exposures and the risk of malignant and non-malignant brain tumors†. The studies reveal that the people who used cell phones for more than a year is at 70% risk of cancer and those who used cell phone for more than 1640 or more has 180% risk. The risk of cancer is greater in the part of the brain where cell phone was exposed. Many scientists have claimed that

Absolute Essay Example for Free

Absolute Essay â€Å"There really are [or are not] ‘absolutes’ upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior in business. † The world of business would be such a chaotic place sans universal truth that can be applied to establish ethical behavior. If they are no â€Å"absolutes† then everything else is relative; that state of being depends on how many factors and those factors include how one feels on a certain issue, the norms in a society that one lives in, the definition of right and wrong being subjective, and religious beliefs. In the instance where an individual will act as they feel and not per universal absolute truth, then the individual may decide not to pay for the services rendered to them or merchandise that they procured because that is how the individual feels about the situation even if the renderer of service or seller may feel that they ought to be paid for their services or goods. They feelings in this case are only true to them and not the buyer as the buyer has a different feeling about the situation. In the case where the norms of a society dictate the ethical behavior of a society, it would also mean that there is relative subjectivity to the whole notion of ethics as societies can have norms which are not at all right as seen in the case of the Hutus and Tutsis in Rwanda. The Hutus were a majority (85%)of the population and through political propaganda they were incited to kill the minority Tutsis (14%). 800,000 people were murdered in the name of tribal cleansing and at that point in time it was alright for a Hutu to kill a Tutsi as per what had become the norm. The entire world condemned this sordid act even though it was relatively â€Å"right† in the Hutu society. This might sound extreme but it only shows us a norm in a society does not make it a right thing to be done. The same applies for business in that what is a norm for business in one society would be considered gross corruption in another and also what might mean integrity in one society would be condemned in another as lack of business acumen as in not being able to accept business opportunities regardless of how the can be obtained. We cannot therefore base ethical behavior on societal norms and behaviors and not to say that they are not any of those norms that are acceptable and of very high standards that could very well be ethical, however the The definition of right or wrong if treated as relative subject will influence the way one perceives issues in terms of being ethical or unethical. When right and wrong is relative it means what might be right for one might just be wrong for me, there is no absolutes. A classical example is the Nigerian immigration as it purportedly used to be in past, this writer does not have first hand knowledge of the said instances. It is said that when one travelled to Nigeria, one could not get their passport stamped by the immigration officer if they did not put some money in the passport. The officer would hand one back the passport and advise them that there is a †page† missing in the passport. The â€Å"page† meant a dollar bill. For people who grew up in that tradition it was an expected thing to do and that was how it was supposed to be supposedly but for a foreigner, say an American, that would be so wrong a thing to do because in the USA, that is corrupting a public officer and that is a crime in itself that one could go to jail for. There is the issue of religious beliefs and religion and lack thereof. It is said that religious beliefs help to foster stronger ethical behavior, as religions tend to be black and white on what is wrong and what is right. Yet there are different religions and needless to say the different religions have different sets of ideals whether it be ethics or morals. To highlight that is the tragic case of Sept11, 2011 when the USA was attacked by the Muslim terrorists. These terrorists according to what they believed, they were doing the right thing and had been taught so that when they die like that they are martyrs of their religion and they will go to heaven for doing the will of their God. Beliefs in the different religions vary and notwithstanding those without any religion, it is reasonable to say that in this case it is relative as in what a person believes in. If there has to be consistency in any transaction of business, there therefore has to be absolutes upon which a universal truth can be based that can be applied for establishing ethical behavior. It should not matter how one feels, what norms are in one’s society, how one defines right or wrong, and what one’s religious beliefs are. There are absolutely ethical elements in all the above that can be applied to all business ethics to enhance the ethical behavior but there definitely should be a standard that is universal and expected to be followed by all involved in business. It is so fundamental because it is the basis on which all business is going to be transacted upon. One cannot go into business with a partner who will run one out of business or someone who will not do what they say they will do and do it right.

Against Abortion Essay -- Abortion Against Pro-Life Essays Argumentati

Against Abortion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why is it that by 21 days into the fetal development the baby's heart begins to beat, but yet in most people's eyes the baby is still not 'technically' alive' That heart beat means nothing, it doesn't represent a human person whom God has created in his own image and has had a plan for that baby ever since the beginning of time. To most people that statement isn?t allowing women and their families freedom of choice. And yet that baby isn't given any say in its freedom to live. This paper will give many supporting statistics towards the right to life, I am pro-life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *Forty-nine percent of pregnancies among American women are unintended, half of these are terminated by an abortion. Each year, two out of every one hundred women aged fifteen- forty-four have an abortion, forty-eight percent of them have had at least one previous abortion and sixty-one percent have had a previous birth. This means that these women understand the joy of a baby being born, and still choose to take away their privilege to live. They?ve carried this children before and know the happiness of seeing their own healthy child in their arms for the first time. Why then, when they know they are creating new life inside of them, choose to deprive their child the right to live and experience everything life has to offer. They willingly decide to kill that child, certainly for their own benefit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Each year, an estimated forty-six million abortions occur worldwide. Of these, twenty million procedures are obtained illegally.* Why are there stories on the news everyday of people being murdered and mistreated and the culprit being sent to jail of punished in some way for the crime they?ve committed. Yet I don?t think I?ve ever heard on the news of a women being sent to jail for the murder of her unborn baby. It?s still illegal, it?s the murder of a child, they are given no freedom, and the mother goes unpunished. *On average, women give at least three reasons for choosing abortion; 3/4 say that having a baby would interfere with work, school or other responsibilities; about 2/3 say they can?t afford a child; and 1/2 say they don?t want to be a single parent or are having problems with their husband or partner. A baby would interfere with their ?responsibilities?, one of the biggest responsibilities as a sexually active person is to use c... ...like to make a difference too, but the Supreme Court won?t allow him to. Partial-birth abortion is banned in certain states in the United States, its a horrible image to put in someone's head. However, some of the pictures I've seen really make people wonder how someone could destroy human life like that. Abortion all together should be banned, but some people are more pro-choice than pro-life. Senator John Kerry is pro-choice, if he is elected president there is virtually no hope in the end of abortion, and Roe v. Wade. President Bush is at least attempting to change the law, but is constantly being stuck down. John Kerry will do nothing in our country to stop the murder of unborn children. His concern is in Iraq, where a few people are dying each day, while every third baby conceived in America is killed by an abortion. Kerry wants to raise taxes for the wealthy, I wonder how they would feel about this tax raise knowing that some of it could be contributing to the murder of an unborn child. If Kerry wins the election basically all hope of ending abortion is crushed for another four years. Our worry won?t be on the Supreme Court, it will be on our pro-choice President.

Malcom Xs A Homemade Education Essay -- Papers

Malcom X's A Homemade Education Malcom X's "A Homemade Education" tells a story of how he gained knowledge by himself and how it guided his thoughts and ideas. Reading also molded his political views. Although Malcom X is a very outspoken person about racism in America, and throughout the world, I find that he has a right to be angry, but goes a little overboard on blaming whites. The story begins when Malcom is in jail and is given a book that he cannot understand because he can't read. This angered him a little and sparked a fire inside of him to learn how to read and write. Soon thereafter he went to the library in the jail and checked out a dictionary. He began to copy the whole dictionary learning word after word that he wrote. Upon completion of the dictionary, he started to read anything he could get his hands on. No matter what time it was, Malcom was reading. Despite being in jail, he felt as free as he ever could be. Reading and the ability to learn is what made him feel this way. After becoming a more educated man, he began to study the teachings of Muhamma...

Gerard Egan

An Easy Introduction to Egan’s Skilled Helper Solution Focused Counselling Approach By Patrick JM Nelson Part One What is it? Gerard Egan’s Skilled Helper Model of eclectically based counselling provides a structured and solution focused basis for counsellors, psychotherapists and hypnotherapists. It is a three stage model in which each state consists of specific skills that the therapist uses to help the client move forwards. By mastering the process of using these basic skills in an appropriate manner (often in a cyclical process of stage 1 – 2 – 3 evaluate 1 – 2 – 3 evaluate) the talking therapist may be able to increase their efficiency and structure their work in a more logical way, thus helping clients in a more consistent manner and being less reliant upon their fluctuating ‘therapeutic inspiration’. Theoretical Origins Theoretically the Skilled Helper approach draws on Carkuff's theory of high-level functioning helpers (which explains that helpers with the skills of empathy, respect, concreteness, congruence, self-disclosure, confrontation and immediacy are most effective); Strong's Social influence theory (which explains that helping is a process whereby clients are influenced by others because they perceive therapists as having particular attributes and with this influence being most powerful when the the therapist avoids both laxity and coercion and is instead collaborative, empowering and democratic) and Albert Bandura's Learning theory (in which clients are seen as acquiring skills through coming to understand the processes of learning and developing appropriate self-efficacy expectations – expecting to achieve their goals by learning useful behaviours). Essential Therapeutic Orientations The Egan Skilled Helper approach encourages clients to become active interprete rs of the world, giving meanings to actions, events and situations, facing and overcoming challenges, exploring problem issues, seeking new opportunities and establishing goals. Quite simply, success usually comes when human beings become active in initiating positive behaviours and developing problem-solving strategies. The Skilled Helper aims to help their clients develop the skills and the knowledge necessary to solve both their current problems issues and ones that may arise in the future. To facilitate client development the helper builds a healthy therapeutic alliance with the client based on collaboration, warmth and acceptance. The Skilled Helper facilitates the client by helping them to formulate a plan of action, helping them accept their responsibility for becoming a more effective person and helping them to develop their own inner resources. The Skilled Helper also helps their client to transfer newly acquired skills and knowledge to fresh situations, facilitates them in establishing appropriate and realistic goals (that match their problem-solving skills), encourages them to become selfdirective and develop the skills of problem-solving, helps them to build on their inner strengths and to utilize external resources and support groups, helps them realize their potential and facilitates them in developing goals which are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, ethical and reasonable. Furthermore the Skilled Helper remains in a state of external sensory awareness and retains an awareness of their client's non-verbal communications. Effective Listening – SOLER Effective listening is key to being a Skilled Helper. It consists of various skills, which Egan covers with the acronym : S. If it suits them, face the client Squarely (some prefer up to 45 degrees etc) O. Maintain an Open Posture with the client. L. Lean towards the client (as appropriate). E. Maintain appropriate Eye Contact with the client. R. Be a Relaxed helper as by doing so you greatly improve the quality and comfort of the sessions. Active Listening & Empathy Active Listening is a key skill for the Skilled Helper. It consists in concentrating on the client's non-verbal and verbal communications and relating them to the client's story (non-verbal communication includes body language, expressions, reactions etc). Verbal communication articulates the client's experiences, behaviours and feelings. The Skilled Helper encourages the client to stick to the point (what is relevant), they are non-judgemental and they are Empathic rather than sympathetic. Appropriate Empathy is a state of human interaction in which the helper enters and understands the client's perspective, whilst getting in touch with their thoughts and feelings, however, in this the helper remains rational in their understanding of the client's situation and reality. Unlike in some counselling approaches, although the Skilled Helper communicates Empathy to the client as the basis of counselling, when appropriate they may also use challenging skills with the client when particular and clearly harmful irrational statements or destructive patterns etc keep resurfacing, however any challenging must be congruent with the maintenance of therapeutic Rapport and Empathy because Empathy and Rapport provide the client with the warmth, comfort and safety needed to facilitate effective positive change. Exploring Skills (Egan Stage I Introduction) Exploring the client's Existing Situation The stage one skills of the Egan Helping Model are based upon the exploration of the client’s situation and they basically correlate with the Rogerian counselling skills of the Person Centered Approach. The purpose of Stage I is to build a nonthreatening counselling relationship and help the client explore their situation and then focus on chosen issues. In this stage the Skilled Helper helps the client to identify and clarify problems and opportunities and assess their resources. Clients are often reluctant or resistant at this stage, therefore the therapist helps them to explore new perspectives, challenges negative modes of thinking and constructively challenges the client's excuses, evasiveness, distortions and negative self-statements. This stage is based around helping the client in establishing priorities and developing action plans that put into practice productive strategies. Stage I exploring skills include: Open-ended questions Silence Focusing Empathy Paraphrasing & Reflecting Meaning Paraphrasing & Reflecting Feeling Structuring Summarising Understanding Skills (Egan Stage II Introduction) Helping the Client Establish Aims and Goals The purpose of Stage II is to help facilitate the client in developing a more in-depth and objective understanding of their situation. This stage is enacted as the Skilled Helper assists the client in exploring options and possible goals. The Skilled Helper establishes what the client really wants and needs and the client is encouraged to consider new possibilities and perspectives, choosing ones that are realistic, consistent with their values and for which there are adequate incentives. The Skilled Helper facilitates the client in developing rational decision-making based upon healthy data collection, analysis and action planning. In this state brain-storming, divergent thinking, a balance-sheet approach and force-field analysis may be used with the client in order to facilitate choices between different ways of dealing with situations and achieving goals. These techniques help the client to explore various options and strategies as well understand and work around blocking factors with facilitating factors. Stage II understanding skills include: Recognising Patterns & Themes Alternate Frames of Reference Self-disclosure Immediacy Challenging Timing & Pacing Advanced empathy Acting Skills (Egan Stage III Introduction) Help the Client to Develop Strategies Stage III skills are assist clients to take appropriate action by defining goals, changing ways of relating and working through issues using problem solving or decision making methods, while providing support and encouragement. Stage III skills help the client to cope with current problems and assist in the learning of new skills that will enable them to live more effectively in the future. Action is based on exploration and understanding gained by using stage I & II skills. In stage III the Skilled Helper facilitates the client in finding ways of achieving their goals. After helping the client to come up with as many strategies as they can the Skilled Helper then helps them to focus upon those that are viable in terms of client situati on, needs, aspiration and resources. This process is designed to help the client move from the current situation to one that they would prefer. Transition experiences may make the client feel vulnerable therefore the process may often be built upon the taking of small comfortable steps as the client grows in confidence (but this must be based upon the needs of the client – some like big jumps). Realistic achievable planning and time-tabling are key to success and the Skilled Helper is warm and supportive – helping the client look out and overcome obstacles, turning challenges into opportunities and inspiring the client to mobilise their personal, social and material resources (particularly helpful family members, friends and self-help networks etc). Stage III action skills include: Divergent Thinking Goal Setting Decision Making Problem Solving Programme Choice Evaluate Knowledge of Resources Using Knowledge of How Behaviour is Changed Using Knowledge of How Useful Behaviour is Maintained Teaching skills & Promoting Learning skills Evaluation In addition to Explore, Understand & Act skills evaluation of the therapy process is also important. It can take place at the end of each session as a summarization, whenever appropriate. It helps the client understand what ground they have gone over, helps them perceive progress they have made and inspires them with understanding on how they want to move forwards. To learn about this approach in detail see Part II, III & 4 of An Easy Introduction to the Egan’s Skilled Helper Solution Focused Counselling Approach by Patrick JM Nelson. Gerard Egan’s ‘The Skilled Helper’ is available from the FETT Bookshop Article Copyright Patrick JM Nelson 2007

Philisophical Elements of the film essays

Philisophical Elements of the film essays How do you know things that you are certain you know? You may have a strong believe in a god, but how can you be certain that god exists? Perhaps you know for certain that you are love with your partner, but how are you to know what love truly is? How do we know what is real? Questions such as these are the basis of epistemology. Commonly referred to as knowledge theory, epistemology examines Western assumptions and explore variations of them by posing the question how do we know?. As human beings we are far to accepting ideas and beliefs that are presented to us be it by or parents, our friends, our society, or even our teachers. We accept the beliefs presented to us so much so that we embrace them and hold them as our own, we are conditioned to do so. I have been taught from a young age to identify a firm, red fruit by its appropriate title apple. Similarly, I have been taught that any knowledge obtained by the senses is in essence real. For example I know that the keyboard that I am typing on exists, that it is, in essence, real. I am able to come to this conclusion through the use of my senses, I am able to touch the keyboard as well as see it, therefore, it must exist. Philosophers agree that deciding how we know is a critical preliminary to attaining what we know. In other words, the basis of our knowledge provides its justification. Richard Linklaters film Waking Life is accurately illustrates such a philosophies. Waking Life revolves around the life of the main character. Wiley who is Dreaming. While dreaming Willy meets many different individuals each with their own unique philosophies. Through out the movie Willy is confronted with many problems, particularly that he is unable to wake up from his dreams. Each attempt made to wake from a dream Wiley simply enters into another. This s...

How the Role of Police Changed over time Essays

How the Role of Police Changed over time Essays How the Role of Police Changed over time Essay How the Role of Police Changed over time Essay Abstraction When thought of a constabulary officer, what is the first image that comes to mind? If you are like most people, the image is that of a offense combatant, dodging slugs and salvaging citizens from the appreciation of offense and corruptness. What if I was to state you that the pragmatism of jurisprudence enforcement, conversely, is that of something far less theatrical? How the Role of Police Changed over clip: How the Role Change Affected the Public’s View of Police The function of a police officer plays a important portion in normal mundane life. Most late, nevertheless, the function of a constabulary officer started to switch, and that alterations many things, including the public’s position on patroling. Whether the position alteration is for better or worse, remainder assured these brave work forces and adult females will be making everything in their power to maintain us safe. This analysis explores how the function of constabulary has changed over clip by replying the subsequent inquiries, What was the past function of the constabulary officer? What is the function of the police officer presently? What has caused this alteration in the function? Understanding these enquiries will break our apprehension of how efficaciously our constabulary force is altering over clip to protect its citizens. This will besides give the communities a better apprehension of merely how hard the function of a constabulary officer is, and possibly with the apprehension, more communicating and coherence between the section and its vicinity are in order. What was the past function of the constabulary officer? Before we can look at the current function of a constabulary officer, we have to go back in clip and rapidly see the function of the constabulary officer so. Since the beginning of what is known as the professional ( or reform ) epoch, jurisprudence enforcement arose as the cardinal undertaking of constabulary officers ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 139 ) . Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec define jurisprudence enforcement as, â€Å"The constabularies agency’s application of the condemnable codification to specific situations† ( 2011, p. 139 ) . Situated at the karyon of jurisprudence enforcement is, collaring the accused ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 172 ) . With the demands so high for jurisprudence enforcement officers to take felons from the streets, a policy known as localised policing came into consequence. Localized policing is the formation of smaller sections throughout a larger country ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 146 ) . This meant that police officers could now concentrate on the parts of town where offense was significantly higher. With the pattern of localised policing came the job of atomization. Harmonizing to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, atomization is, â€Å"The deficiency of coordination among jurisprudence enforcement bureaus in the same geographical part due to the being of many little departments† ( 2011, p. 146 ) . The disadvantages of atomization is that, with sections non speaking, one territory could be implementing certain Torahs stricter than its adjacent legal power ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 146-147 ) . A contrast of these ad jacent sections could take to the one community’s idea of the constabulary section altering to that of inordinate force. What is even worse than this is, any felons that run their concern in the legal power of the rigorous constabulary section, might take their bastard workss to the adjacent town making a monolithic job for the less forceful constabulary section and its citizens ( Meese III, 1993, p. 2 ) . With these jobs on constabularies administrator’s custodies, they knew something had to be done to assist these officers. What is the function of the police officer presently? Fast-forwarding back to current times, the decision makers have come up with certain alterations in the function of constabularies that might assist with past complications. One large alteration that came through was the new functions of a police officer. As said before, the cardinal function was implementing the jurisprudence. In this current clip, the constabulary officer really has three major functions now. They are, keeping order, jurisprudence enforcement, and supplying service. Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec specify keeping order as, â€Å"Peacekeeping activities including enforcement of quality of life Torahs such as no loitering† ( 2011, p. 171 ) . Harmonizing to Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, this now includes, â€Å"traffic control, and crowd direction during featuring events, concerts, and parades† ( 2011, p. 171 ) . Service activities is defined as, â€Å"Non-law enforcement activities performed by officers on an as-needed fo oting, such as, giving person directions† ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 172 ) . Besides the general alteration in services, the fundamental mentality of the constabulary officer changed excessively. In the yesteryear, the constabulary officer would chiefly respond to happenings. Now, the officer investigates, strategizes, and takes the enterprise ( Meese III, 1993, p. 2 ) . The most important alteration in patroling came with the innovation of community-oriented policing. Prono defines community policing as, â€Å"A cooperative relationship between the constabulary and the community where they operate in tandem to name and turn to offense issues† ( 2013, p. 1 ) . Community policing is known for doing vicinities more witting of offense, and how to debar it ( Prono, 2013, p. 1 ) . One of the biggest constituents of community policing is civilianization. This is defined as, â€Å"assigning to civilians undertakings antecedently performed by constabulary officers† ( Masters, Muscat, Dussich, Pincu, A ; Skrapec, 2011, p. 175 ) . The end of civilianization is to enlarge the sum of community dwellers actively partaking in patroling. Besides the cutback in offense, another influence that community policing has is, the enlargement of a progressive relationship amongst the constabulary and the community. What has caused this alteration in the function? Since at that place seems to be a new manner of policing, decision makers decided that they should convey in some new faces around the section. They thought these new faces could assist convey some new and alien thoughts to the tabular array. In the 1950s-1960s virtually every section consisted of all white male officers ( Sklansky, 2006, p. 1210 ) . As Sklansky provinces, â€Å"In 2005, for the first clip in the history of the NYPD, a bulk of the new officers graduating from its academy were members of racial minorities† ( Sklansky, 2006, p. 1213-1214 ) . This is a immense measure toward equality in the work force. Something even greater than that comes with the approaching huge diverseness of the constabulary sections. Surveies have shown that communities have a better resonance with constabulary officers when some of those constabularies officers are from that descent ( Howell, Perry, A ; Vile, 2004 p. 62 ) . It is non merely about race any longer, all genders and sexual orientations are now able, and widely accepted to fall in the constabulary sections. There is a stating that is implemented in the NYPD, the expression is, â€Å"Blue is blue† ( Willis, 2002, p. 29 ) . That stating amounts it up wholly, three small words that have a immense significance behind them. Another ground for the alteration in the function of policing is the public’s sentiment of constabulary officers. In the yesteryear, the association between African Americans and constabularies officers was hard [ to state the least ] ( Howell, Perry, A ; Vile, 2004, p. 45 ) . With the aid of diversifying the constabulary force, and mostly to community policing, the positions of African American citizens on their community constabulary section have improved well ( Howell, Perry, A ; Vile, 2004, p. 48 ) . Over the old ages, with merely these few illustrations, many have seen infinite transmutations to how the functions of patroling have changed for the better. Our communities are neer traveling to halt diversifying anytime shortly. Many positive changes have already begun to take topographic point. With the aid of community-oriented policing, and different points of position throughout the sections, thanks to the enlargement of race, gender, and sexual orientation, many communities are seeing constabularies in a whole new visible radiation. It will take difficult work and finding to remain with the times, and non fall back onto beliefs and patterns used in the yesteryear. With the aid of different community based organisations, and a huge sum of backgrounds, our constabulary sections relationship with the communities should boom. The function of the constabulary officer should go even more community based, because there still is a feeling in many urban communities of race favoritism, and usage of inordinate force. With clip, this should all be taken attention of, merely like the many jobs faced in the yesteryear. Mentions Howell, S.E. , Perry, H.L. , A ; Vile, M. ( 2004 ) . Black cities/white metropoliss: Measuring the constabulary.Political Behavior,26( 1 ) , 45-68. Masters, R. , Muscat, B.T. , Dussich, J.P. , Pincu, L. , A ; Skrapec, C.A. ( 2011 ) .CJ: Worlds and challenges( 2nded. ) . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Meese III, E. ( 1993 ) . Community policing and the constabulary officer.National Institute of Justice, ( 15 ) , 1-11. Retrieved from www.ncjrs.gov Prono, L. ( 2013 ) . Community patroling. InSalem Press Encyclopedia. Ipswich, MA: EBSCO Publishing. Sklansky, D.A. ( 2006 ) . Not your male parent s constabulary section: Making sense of the new demographics of jurisprudence enforcement.Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology,96( 3 ) , 1209-1233. Willis, C. ( 2002 ) .NYPD: Narratives of endurance from the universe s toughest round. New York, NY: Thunder Mouth Press.

Idealised love in the Portuguese and The Great Gatsby

Idealised love in the Portuguese and The Great Gatsby Free Online Research Papers Elizabeth Barret-Browning’s ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ and F. Scott. Fitzgerald’s ‘The Great Gatsby’ both reflect, in abstract style and varying contexts and elements, the experience of idealised love, hope and mortality. The elements employed by Barret-Browning and Fitzgerald, differ in their depictions of these themes through various literary devices, two of which are ‘points of view’ and ‘motifs/symbols’. Barret-Browning’s sonnet sequence illustrates a complex evolution of emotions as the poet moves through sorrow, self doubt, passion, fear, and ultimately profound exhilaration and joy, even in spite of the restlessly lingering thoughts of her own death, whereas, ‘The Great Gatsby’ follows the tale of young Nick Carraway, a seemingly pure man from the West, who decides to journey to New York to make his money in the stocks and bonds market. In New York, he is met with a story of love, lust, ad ultery and murder; it is a telling of the death of the American Dream, and the downfall of those who attempt to reach its illusory goals. ‘The Great Gatsby’ is a novel that takes place during the roaring twenties, or an era otherwise known as the Jazz Age. A time of prohibition and experimentation, the novel portrays both the chaos and loss of morals that many during that time experienced. In ‘The Great Gatsby’ Fitzgerald opted for a complex structure and a controlled narrative point of view, thus giving the novel a greater air of realism, written in a limited first person perspective, with Nick Carraway serving as the narrator and the only true voice. This deliberate inclusion forces the reader to experience the events in the novel, first hand, in addition to this, Nick is careful not to tell the reader things he himself does not know, this is one of the reasons that the novel is so convincing, Nick seems to be the only rational person, and he is the one relaying the events to us. Although Nick makes a connection with all the major characters throughout the novel, there is no better connectio n than with that of Gatsby, he becomes Gatsby’s’ confidant and with this is the change in Nick’s emotions, as well as the way he narrates the novel. Nick is fundamentally a listener to and observer of Gatsby and his world before he is a narrator. Before he can tell Gatsbys story, Nick suspends and enters Gatsbys world, accepting his terms of discourse. It is precisely by articulating both his faith and his doubt about Gatsby that Nick becomes a model for the reader in addition to being a writer and storyteller. As Gatsbys mood and character changes throughout the novel so does Nicks view of him, thus affecting the readers perspective. Gatsbys radiant and understanding smile is the sole characteristic about him that allows Nick to fade in and out of his loyalty and love for Gatsby â€Å"There was something gorgeous about him†. Having Nick as the narrator gives a different perspective on what he gathered from the situation. Where Gatsbys story lacks in sto rytelling quality Gatsbys very phrases were worn so threadbare that they evoked no image† an opportunity is presented to Nick to fill in Gatsbys emptiness with lyrical prose, his absence with perfect metaphors, and his silence with words for the feelings that Nick imagines his hero must have felt. With Nick as the narrator we are able to weave through the intricate lives of the characters. The notion of idealised love is presented through the relationship of Gatsby and Daisy, or rather, Gatsby and the idea of Daisy. Gatsby builds an image of Daisy representing happiness and love. The time between his conscription and return perpetuates this mental image. Though Daisy does not measure up to the idealistic image Gatsby has established, he cannot see past the beautiful illusion. This represents the falsehoods of a supposed single dream to suit all people, and bring happiness to all who pursue it. Gatsby believes he is seeking happiness and love, but his journey is corrupted by the materialism and amoral lifestyle present in Fitzgeralds time. Just as the Dutch sailors first set eyes on the fresh green breast of the new world, Gatsby sees this spiritual optimism in the green light- a motif in the novel. The death of Myrtle and the concept of mortality is represented through Nickâ⠂¬â„¢s use of expressive language, he states â€Å"where Myrtle Wilson, her life violently extinguished, knelt in the road and mingled her thick dark blood with the dust†, this expression of life’s tragic end here is complemented by Nicks use of imagery, we are left with the raw image of Myrtle lying on the floor in displaced agony stark message to readers that life is not perpetual and everlasting. Hope is depicted through Gatsby’s chase of the American Dream, he does not rest until this is finally fulfilled, it never becomes truly realized and he ends up paying the ultimate price of his life for it. Gatsby is blinded by the illusions that stand between him and happiness. Gatsby perceives Daisy to be his happiness, but Daisy is not. Fitzgerald examines the American Dream by autopsy, through the reflective narrator. Though the principles of the idealistic dream still exist, highlighted by Gatsbys ambition and drive to improve himself, the morality behind the d ream has been substituted by money, resulting in decadence, corruption and distinct class divisions between people. Fitzgerald represents the corruption and the demise of the original, idealistic American Dream with the death of both Gatsby and Wilson- two men who make a living, and strive to better themselves with new money. Gatsby however was disillusioned by his belief that money could buy him happiness. They both possess the gift of hope, but the established order crushes them, he had a romantic readinesssome heightened sensitivity to the promises of lifeit was an extraordinary gift of hope The Victorians followed the Romantics in believing in the connection with the sequence of regeneration, renewal and recycle. Barret-Browning’s sonnets offer Victorian ideals of marriage being the ‘proper’ way to reaffirm love. Whilst Barret-Browning’s newfound love provides the impetus behind the Sonnet sequence it also, for the Victorian reader, epitomises the appropriate poetry for women to write, because, it showed a woman in her best role loving and expressing sentiments of love. The poet speaker is the subject (subjecting) and the result is an intellectual exploration of love and the examination of the illusion of a love connection, which is not permanent, eternal and unconditional. The poet attempts to look past all that and essentially generates universal themes about humanity through the use of language and symbology. Barret-Browning successfully revived the form of the Italian sonnet developed by Petrarch in the 14th century and also expands tradi tional conventions of such a form to include feminine variation that was yet unseen. Barret-Browning’s precise application of this rigid long established masculine structure allows her innovative feminine deviations to emerge. Usually the speaker of the sonnet is a male, praising a silent, or absent female object of worship, here, however, the female object is in fact the speaker of the poem and a participator rather than an observer. She is not ‘golden’ or ‘lovely’ but instead dark, ill, and close to death. Throughout the sonnet sequence love is portrayed as continually changing the person or people experiencing it, almost as if it were a kind of remedy and therapy. â€Å"I love thee to the depth and breadth and height My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.† Sonnet LXIII. The language of this abstract image portrays love to be unconfinable. This is emphasized by â€Å"when feeling out of sight† as the image of the love is portrayed as being further that can actually be seen which accentuates the boundless image of love. The poetic voices’ â€Å"soul† adds to the this image as a soul is not an object which can be contained within the body as it knows no bounds, and so the portrayal of love can be viewed as eternal. This image also depicts the magnitude of love as the language of â€Å"depth and breadth and height† shows how vast the love the poetic voice feels. The structure is a vital tool to the poet when portraying love and relationships in the poem. The poem itself is written in iambic pentameter and it is this structural point that enforces â€Å"depth† a nd â€Å"breadth† and â€Å"height† to be verbally stressed. This enforces the idea of the endless boundaries and the magnitude of love and relationships within this poem. The accentuation of these words highlights them within the line making them key words and stand apart from it. Another structural point is the use enjambment; this can highlight many aspects of love and relationships, which are trying to be conveyed. The enjambments of the lines add to the portrayal of love knowing no limits at both enjambments. The lack of punctuation also serves a structural purpose â€Å" I love thee to the depth and breadth and height† and reiterates the boundless image of love, as the punctuation cannot disrupt the line and so is elongated. Sonnet XIII puts forward the question of â€Å"can language represent the experience or is it just an echo of experience?† The sonnet begins with an indignant refusal to put into words the value of love, then changes into an ina bility, in being able to comprehend the human experience of love. The poem uses traditional feminine stereotypes to express the value of love. Her ‘woman love’ being a symbol of the soft feminine curve Victorian women were expected to fit into. Complementing the author’s element of point of view, both authors use symbology and motifs to express the ideas of idealised love, hope and mortality. There are three main motifs and symbols used in ‘The Great Gatsby’, they are, the Green Light at the end of Daisys dock, the Valley of ashes, and the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg. The Valley of Ashes is a physical desert one that is a direct representation of the notion of futility or no hope, it symbolises the spiritual desolation, that a society based on money creates. The Valley of Ashes exists as the illustration of the lower-class society as well as the loss of morals and disgrace of humanity; it represents the modern world a grotesque hell created by modernity. Terrible place, isnt it, said Tom, exchanging a frown with Doctor Eckleburg. The eyes of Dr. T. J. Eckleburg serve as an omniscient God in the dying society Fitzgerald seeks to depict. His huge and unblinking celestial eyes add the presence of something higher that constantly watches and looks down upon the valley. The icon of Dr T. J. Eckleburg, being a figure of American success, conveys commercial values and the loss of spirituality as he represents an inverted God who â€Å"sees all†. Amidst the materialistic values of the wealthy, Gatsby is isolated, ironically outcast from the upper classes, as suggested by Nick’s dejected tone at Gatsby’s funeral, â€Å"but it was no use – nobody came†, revealing the shallowness of the affluent in the 1920’s and emphasising the delusion of honest relationships and despondency that surrounds Gatsby. The only sign of hope to resist such structures of capitalism is T.J. Eckleburg, the eyes that watch over the Valley of Ashes. These God-like eyes watch over the land, showing that even though the working class may not have the same comforts that the elite enjoy, they will always have the comfort of ‘God’. However the eyes are described as â€Å"huge, flat, empty eyes†, â€Å"they look out of no faceas they brood on over the solemn dumping ground.† they symbolise a dead God staring blindly out at the moral decay of humanity and the meaningless garbage that societies lives had become. Each character evades the consequences of his/her actions and hides from moral values which religion demands, but the eyes are immune to social class or beauty and focus entirely on the harsh reality of one’s actions. Eckleburg is also used as a symbol of mortality, throughout the novel Fitzgerald suggests that symbols only have meaning because characters fill them with meaning. The connection between the eyes of Doctor T. J. Eckleburg and God exists only in George Wilsons grief-stricken mind; Wilson later points to this saying, God sees everything before going on his murderous rampage. The lack of solid meaning contributes to the disturbing nature of the image. And so, the eyes also come to represent the meaninglessness of the world and the uncertainty of people. The green light, being the most apparent physical metaphor represents hope, it is a multi-faceted symbol that represents Gatsbys hope and longing for Daisy and the extent he was willing to go to in order to recreate the past. As Nick comments at the conclusion of the text, Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no matter tomorrow we will run faster, stretch our arms out farther Here Fitzgerald extends the symbol of the green light to the audience and invites them to continue to hope and dream against the odds. Barret-Browning’s use of motifs and metaphors throughout the sonnet sequence demonstrate the notions of mortality and hope by invoking stark and verdant imagery. Sonnet I depicts a despondent speaker, lying in darkness, grieving for the past, when suddenly a mysterious shape enters the room overtaking her. By now, well prepared to meet her end, she receives an unusual surprise. Barret-Browning has here personified death. The imagery of seizure, power and conflict invoke a sense of mortality and fragility. The poem is a stepping stone for the progression of emotion. It expresses depression and sadness felt most of her life, as well as illness and isolation. Sonnet XXII expresses mortality in terms of the more physical end of the spectrum. Here the poet suggests that love need not be bound on earth, that love is associated with stillness rather than activeness. The poem asks why strive for heaven when it can be achieved here on earth. Darkness and death appear to always be a part of her life giving into death/darkness is giving into the unknown. Sonnet XXXII states that a heart which is quick to love must also be quick to hate. When the poet looks upon herself in this poem she wonders if she is worthy of love? The poet casts herself as a musical instrument and relays that she is no more than an out of tune worn viol and that a good singer (the male entity) would be wroth to try and play. The symbol of the viol is used to illustrate the idea of hope. That perhaps the instrument might be restored. The male is cast as the musician with his ‘master hands’ while the woman is cast as the ‘instrument defaced’ deferri ng back to traditional Victorian values. The very last word, doat once again presents an element of doubt â€Å"maybe this is too quick and foolish?† Sonnet LXIII includes geometrical symbolism, the first couplet is used to convey ever expanding love ‘as far as the soul can reach’ when in the spiritual realm. The poet now understands that there isn’t anything special or glamorous about the business of love, it is unheroic and unromantic. Love has this everyday existence that reaches for the sun and stars but also ‘everyday’s most quiet need’. The reader is now of the understanding that grief and melancholy is of the past, yet she will put the same emotional intensity into love that she had previously put into her old griefs, thus ending the sonnet sequence. In the end ‘The Great Gatsby’ and ‘Sonnets from the Portuguese’ both great love stories one of consequence and another of timelessness written in different times in which literary/societal norms were defied by the authors, they serve as calamitous admonitions and manifestations of our own desires for idealised love, hope and mortality. The portrayal of these themes by Barret-Browning and Fitzgerald are both embodied through symbolism/motifs and the point of view of the speaker, which in turn create tantamount ideas of idealised love, hope and mortality. Research Papers on Idealised love in the Portuguese and The Great GatsbyMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XWhere Wild and West MeetTrailblazing by Eric AndersonHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

Administrative and Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Administrative and Constitutional Law - Essay Example It is one of the most important components of the UK constitution. Generally, UK is known to have unwritten constitution like in USA and Germany. However, much of the law passed in parliament are always in writing. This type of law is known as statue law. The principle or policy of UK’s parliamentary sovereignty is frequently presented to be a unique legal arrangement with no parallels in the comparative constitutional law. 2Parliamentary sovereignty gives unconditional authority to the Westminster parliament. Thus, it seems to rule out the comparison between the US Congress or the German Bundestag, whose authorities are limited by their constitutions and the Westminster parliament. Therefore, it is seen as unique and a product of the unwritten constitution. Constitutions are very important in countries organisation and development. They organise, regulate and distribute the state power. Constitutions set out most of the state institutions, the state’s structure and the principles that govern their relations with the citizens and the other states. In Britain, the constitution differs with other countries3. For instance, most countries have well written constitutions while Britain has accumulation of conventions, treaties, statues and judicial decisions, which collectively makes the British Constitutions. Therefore, the constitution is more of â€Å"uncodified† than â€Å"unwritten.† Parliamentary sovereignty is mostly considered as a defining principle of British constitution4. It is the final principle that makes and can abolish any law. Other major principles in the British constitution include legislative and judicial branches, rule of law, and separation of government into executive and the presence of a unitary state. Some of the principles are mythical or in doubt. The uncodified British constitution therefore has two main problems. For instance, it makes it hard to know the state of the constitution. Secondly, it is makes it s impler to make changes in the UK’s Constitution than in other countries. 5The flexibility of the constitution resulted into a number of reforms since 1997. The reforms include devolution to Wales, North Ireland and Scotland, elimination of most of the heritable peers in the House of Lords, and the introduction of individuals’ codified rights in 1998 Human Rights Act. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty was demonstrated in the case Jackson and others (appellants) v. Her Majesty's Attorney General where the plaintiffs challenged the validity of the Hunting Act 2004, which criminalised hunting of wild animals with dogs6. This Act was enacted pursuant to section 2 of the parliament Act 1911. Both the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal dismissed the issue regarding the validity of Hunting Act 2004 because it was not an Act of the parliament. Various developments affect parliamentary sovereignty. Parliament has been passing laws that limit parliamentary sovereign ty application7. The laws mainly reflect the political growth in and outside UK. The laws include The Human Rights Act 1998, the entry of UK to the European Union in 1972. The developments however, do not undermine parliamentary sovereignty because the parliament could abolish each law implementing the changes8. 2. The limits that the Human Rights Act place on the public bodies and Parliament? Human Rights Act 1998 is also referred to as the Act of the HRA. It came into existence in the United Kingdom in 2000. It mainly consists of a channel of parts that consists of effects that codify safety in the European Convention on Human Rights in the law of UK. The public bodies such as the police, hospitals, publicly funded

Group Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Group Ethics - Essay Example In the next few pages, this essay will take an in depth look at police crimes, especially police brutality, and determine if an individual officer is likely to report crimes against fellow officers. Most laypeople have heard the term â€Å"blue wall of silence.† It refers to the fact that police officers, colloquially called boys in blue, do not report the crimes of one another, and would, in fact, lie to defend another officer if necessary. The author of â€Å"Police Ethics and Integrity: Breaking the Blue Code of Silence† (Westmarland, 2005) administered a study that showed some evidence to the contrary. She performed a questionnaire survey that revealed â€Å"officers’ attitudes towards certain unethical behaviour† (Westmarland, 2005). The questionnaire asked officers about a wide range of crimes including accepting â€Å"gifts† from business owners, accepting money from citizens caught in traffic violations, but wanting to avoid tickets, stealing items from crime scenes, and committing violent acts against community residents. The results of the study showed that in some instances, officers would feel compelled to report the bad deeds of o ther officers. For example, 97 percent of officers reported they would tell on a fellow officer if he saw him taking money from a found wallet; 98.5 percent of officers reported that would inform against an officer who stole a watch from a crime scene; but only 65.5 percent of those officers thought that hitting a suspect during an arrest was a very serious offense, and a small number of officers felt that punching a suspect was not serious at all. Basically speaking, the blue wall seems to have its own code of ethics. Officers who are violent against citizens are still more acceptable than officers who break the law for financial gain. Racial profiling, or targeting members of a particular ethnic group based on preconceived notions about that group, is thought to be one

Dairy Company Negotiation Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dairy Company Negotiation Exercise - Essay Example Dispute in an organization is a manifestation of differences in the opinions, leading to a disagreement. While disputes may be unhealthy in an organization, they are inevitable and have to be resolved as soon as they occur. In the Dairy Company, a dispute exists between the employees and the management and there is a necessity for an effective negotiation plan if the workers have to secure their rights and reach a concession with the management of Dairy Company. As Dairy Company workers, the two most important issues is to negotiate for wage increment and the manner in which employees will be nominated for training. In any negotiation process, it is crucial for every party to establish the most critical issues that need special attention. As Fells (2012) points out, matters that have a direct impact on the parties should be given priority in a negotiation. The comfort of an employee depends on their wages and hence this matter is a priority. The issue on employee training is crucial since it has a long term impact on the employee position in the company. On the other side, the issue on the duration of the negotiation will be regarded as least significant.

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems Assignment

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems - Assignment Example The development and configuration of the infrastructure requires skilled personnel as well as resources. Another merit of the web-based compensation tool over the client-server and stand-alone PC based compensation tools is that it requires less hardware. This is because most of the hardware required for the web based compensation system are available over the internet and supported by the company hosting the web based services. The client/server and standalone PC based compensation tools require all hardware needed for the compensation system to be available locally. For this reason, the client/server and PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup (Mukherjee, 2012). As much as the client-server based and stand-alone PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup, they offer superior long term savings than the pc based compensation tool. The reason behind the long term saving offered by the client-server and PC based compensation tool is because an organization does not have to pay monthly or annual fees for the services to a third party company. The web based services are offered by id party companies at monthly or annual subscriptions that can result into higher long term costs. On the other hand, companies choosing the client-server and PC based compensation tools require high skilled IT department personnel to support the systems. Therefore, the web based compensation tool is recommendable for the organization stakeholders because it does not require high IT support to support the infrastructure. Moreover, the system can be upgraded and updated at lower costs compared to the client-server and stand-alone PC based services ( Sistare, Shiplett & Buss, 2009). From an employee perspective; the e-Compensation tools can motivate the organizations employees to work harder thus improving their performance. The reason behind motivation is that the efforts of

The Federal Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Federal Reserve - Essay Example Those initiatives should arrive at good results for the greater majority, including Small Business Enterprises and private individuals, although there seems to be a need to determine the timetable for such an achievement. As of May 2013, only large businesses were discovered to be realizing better credit facilities. Employment rate remains high although previous quarters had higher unemployment rates. However, the most recent initiatives reported in February 2013 by the Board of Governors gave some hope for changes along a better direction. In that report, full employment was made a commitment. And until the time when full employment is realized while low inflation rate at 2% is maintained, the Fed will continue to accommodate further infusion of money supply into the economy. Roles & Effectiveness of the US Federal Reserve Founded in 1913, the US Federal Reserve System was meant to serve as the country’s Central Bank under the supervision of Congress. Its roles were: (1) to f ormulate the monetary policy that defines the nation’s â€Å"monetary and credit conditions† so that maximum employment of the people, price stability, and â€Å"moderate, long-term interest rates† can be realized; (2) to supervise and regulate banks and other financial institutions for a safe and sound financial system that protects â€Å"the credit rights of consumers†; (3) to maintain a stable financial system and control the risks inherent in the financial markets; and (4) to serve the local and foreign governments with the facilitations for transactions, including services in connection with the payment system (BoG 2005, p.1). Over the years, it has evolved into influencing the demand and money supply situation of a country, using the four (4) standard means. The first is known as the means through â€Å"Open Market Operations† whereby the Federal Bank may reduce or increase money supply by limiting the amount and/or volume of purchases or sal e of US Treasury securities. When the Federal Bank purchases securities from the open market, more cash is made available in the economy. When the Fed sells Treasury securities to cash-rich investors for them to have a stable income source at an attractive interest rate, the country will have less money supply circulating. A 2nd means would be through the issuance of a directive for all banks to maintain a certain reserve requirement. These are in the form of cash in amounts determined by the percentage of deposits by consumers. Reserves are then deposited with the Federal Reserve Bank. To increase money supply, the Fed can simply lower the required reserves for all deposits. To decrease the level of money supply, reserve requirements may be increased so that there would be less lending operations on the part of banks and therefore lower money supply available in the economy. The 3rd way is by adding the requirement to have reserves in the form of â€Å"Contractual Clearing Balance † (BoG 2005, p. 3). Some transactions with payments that take some time to clear between two banks can be secured by additional reserves at the Federal Bank. Such amounts are on top of the 2nd means which is the reserve requirements by the Fed. These additional deposits with the Federal Bank may be stipulated by the Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) governing body. The 4th means of influencing the level of money

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems Assignment

E-Compensation Human Resources Information Systems - Assignment Example The development and configuration of the infrastructure requires skilled personnel as well as resources. Another merit of the web-based compensation tool over the client-server and stand-alone PC based compensation tools is that it requires less hardware. This is because most of the hardware required for the web based compensation system are available over the internet and supported by the company hosting the web based services. The client/server and standalone PC based compensation tools require all hardware needed for the compensation system to be available locally. For this reason, the client/server and PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup (Mukherjee, 2012). As much as the client-server based and stand-alone PC based compensation tools require higher initial cost to setup, they offer superior long term savings than the pc based compensation tool. The reason behind the long term saving offered by the client-server and PC based compensation tool is because an organization does not have to pay monthly or annual fees for the services to a third party company. The web based services are offered by id party companies at monthly or annual subscriptions that can result into higher long term costs. On the other hand, companies choosing the client-server and PC based compensation tools require high skilled IT department personnel to support the systems. Therefore, the web based compensation tool is recommendable for the organization stakeholders because it does not require high IT support to support the infrastructure. Moreover, the system can be upgraded and updated at lower costs compared to the client-server and stand-alone PC based services ( Sistare, Shiplett & Buss, 2009). From an employee perspective; the e-Compensation tools can motivate the organizations employees to work harder thus improving their performance. The reason behind motivation is that the efforts of

Statistical Process Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Statistical Process Control - Research Paper Example Statistical scholars and researchers have established that statistical process control constitutes the testing of a random sample of any output from a procedure to establish whether the exercise produces variables within a range that is preselected. In week two, obstacles were identified during the morning preparation routine. The bottlenecks were found to be as a result of lack of technology and automation in the process. Specifically, a bottleneck was created at three main points, the time spent waiting on reports to generate, reviewing the reports and then auditing completed work. This is to say that the longer the amount of time spent in such duties, the shorter is the time allocated for the actual work on files. One of the open options to overcome this challenge is to allocate overtime hours every day so that the tasks can be undertaken with some time allowance to absorb the expected lag time. A more realistic and cost effective solution to the bottleneck would be to implement t echnology and automation to make the work more streamlined and eliminate the waiting period created in the current system. Some constraints’ theorists like Goldratt, argues that the best remedial measure against a problem dependent on problem solving skills. The techniques provide a layout of procedure that helps in identification of the constraints, eliminating them and seeking out other feasible alternatives (Persse, 2008). In other words, once the time taken to review data is shortened, then the next target is to reduce the time. of carrying out the morning routine duties. It is imperative that the significance of statistical tools in solving real life challenges like the one in question are taken into consideration (Mesbah, at al. 2002). Some of the measures of central tendency and dispersion that are vital in computing the tabulated data to establish a solution include mean and standard deviation. Data Summary for the two weeks in hours Week One Day Creating daily workloads (Minutes) Reviewing progress/completion (Min) Monday 38 37 Tuesday 38 30 Wednesday 41 34 Thursday 30 29 Friday 26 37 During the first week, the data was collected for five days covering from Monday to Friday. During the week, the data collected was based on the duration of time required to prepare the daily workloads as well as to audit the progress/completion of the daily workloads. Over the five days, the duration taken in preparing the workloads for each of the five days range from 26 minutes to a maximum of 41 minutes. This gives the range of 15 minutes as the spread of the workload creation time. On the other hand, during the same week, the manager had to spend some time reviewing the completion and the progress of the daily accounts.

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay Example for Free

Various Definitions of Hegemony and Pax Americana Essay The politics of hegemony is an important area of political science. During the Pax Americana period – that is, after WWII – the United States is known to have helped the world establish economic order (Samuelson, 2006, p. A31). Moreover, the U. S. is known to have assisted other countries with economic aid and in reconstruction efforts, for example, with the well-known Marshall Plan (Hogan, 1989, p. 1-25). Heardon (2002) describes the United States as an architect of a new world order during the Second World War. Hence, it is important to comprehend the power of the U. S. in the light of various definitions of hegemony. The word, ‘hegemony,’ is known to have its roots in the Greek verb, â€Å"hegeisthai,† meaning â€Å"to lead† (â€Å"What is Hegemony,† 2007). In the ancient Greek civilization the term applied to leaders that were able to influence and exert a tremendous amount of control over groups of people. The hegemons had to be supported by at least one dominant group so as to keep the common people from rebelling against established leaders (â€Å"What is Hegemony†). Watson (2002) refers to two meanings of hegemony in International Relations: â€Å"One has to do with the distribution of power in a system. Not merely military force, but also technical and financial strength. The other meaning is the dominance of a particular idea or set of assumptions, such as economic liberalism and globalization (p. 1). † Certainly the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot be applied to a country that influences other countries, for example, the United States since the beginning of the Pax Americana period. The first definition of hegemony in International Relations, on the other hand, may aptly describe the power of the British Empire in the mid-nineteenth century, and of the United States during the period known as Pax Americana (Pigman, 1997, p. 186). Watson writes that the first definition is a â€Å"material condition† enabling a â€Å"great power, or a group of powers, or the great powers in a system acting collectively, to bring such great pressures and inducements to bear that most other states lose some of their freedom of action de facto, though not de jure (p. 1). † Also according to the author, the Western world’s hegemony in our times, and especially that of the United States, has aimed to alter the â€Å"internal behaviour† of other countries as well as societies (Watson, p. 1). The implications of change of â€Å"internal behaviour† induced by powerful countries combine the two definitions of hegemony in International Relations (Watson, p. 1). As an example, if the Western world, and especially the United States, manages to convert a large number of countries into believers in economic liberalism as well as globalization – these ideas proposed by hegemonic societies would be considered the dominant ones. Likewise, the Western world has its own ideas about human rights in addition the environment and the â€Å"standards of civilization,† which happen to be prominent today seeing that the world media is by and large controlled by the Western civilization (Watson, p. 1). All the same, the world at large has not adopted these ideas as their own, which suggests that the second definition of hegemony in International Relations cannot really be applied in our time. According to Ferguson (2003), hegemony of the United States during the period referred to as Pax Americana was based on four pillars. The first pillar was entirely economic, as the economy of the United States outperformed most of its competitors in the twentieth century. The second pillar of U. S. hegemony related to the country’s â€Å"power to advance multilateral, mutually balanced tariff reductions under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (later the World Trade Organization) (Ferguson). † During the Kennedy Round negotiations of 1967, reductions in tariffs were achieved mainly due to pressures from the United States (Beck, 1970, p. 33-36). Pressures were exerted through â€Å"conditionality,† that is, the terms that the International Monetary Fund, based in Washington D. C. , applied to grant loans (Ferguson). The third pillar of U. S. hegemony may be understood by the way the U. S. dollar was presented by the U. S. government as a â€Å"key currency,† both â€Å"before and after the breakdown of the Bretton Woods institutions (Ferguson). † This allowed the U. S. to be â€Å"less restrained† than other nations as far as foreign investment and strategic policymaking were concerned (Ferguson). Subsequently, the world experienced the hegemony of the U. S. dollar, granting extensive privileges unto the United States (Ferguson; Paul, 2006). The fourth pillar, according to Ferguson, was the maintenance of hegemony by the United States through its ability to formally constitute an â€Å"alliance of states† – in other words, NATO – which was committed to the â€Å"containment of two rival superpowers (Ferguson). † In fact, the chief responsibility assumed by NATO has been to secure Europe and the United States against military attacks (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions,† 2008). If we were to believe that Pax Americana continues to this day, the conventional definition of hegemony in International Relations is enough to help us understand the period since 1945. After all, the United States has maintained its leadership position among the countries of the world by using its military power as well as economic and technological strength, despite the fact that its use of military force has been disapproved by many nations. (The very meaning of ‘Pax’ is ‘Peace’). Furthermore, even the recession of 2008 has not given the world a new leader dethroning the United States. Noam Chomsky believes that the current recession is not expected to end U. S. hegemony in any case (Rattansi, 2008). All the same, Antonio Gramsci’s definition of hegemony cannot explain the position of the U. S. from 1945 to 2008, seeing that this definition may only describe a leading nation that is respected by the subordinate groups for all its decisions (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The fact that the United States’ decisions during the Vietnam War were not supported by the American public and the world at large confirm Wallerstein’s (2002) hypothesis that Pax Americana must have ended during the Vietnam War. Foster McChesney (2004) write that the end of the Vietnam War was the time when the mask of the American Empire was lifted. The period called Pax Americana was â€Å"revealed as imperialism pure and simple (Foster McChesney). † This is because the president of the United States could no longer explain the foreign policy of his nation as based on the â€Å"liberation of man† and the â€Å"survival of liberty (Foster McChesney). † Hence, Gramsci’s definition of Pax Americana may only explain the period between 1945 and the Vietnam War, when the United States was considered a helper and facilitator rather than a hostile imperialist nation. According to Gramsci, hegemony refers to political power flowing from moral, intellectual and political leadership as well as consensus or authority instead of military force. Thus, a ruling class may form as well as maintain hegemony in a civil society by the creation of political and cultural consensus using political parties, unions, media, schools, the church, and various other kinds of voluntary organizations that exercise hegemony over social groups in addition to â€Å"allied classes (Hainsworth, 2000). † These organizations of persons, the media, as well as information that flows from them control the behaviour and thinking of the people by presenting them with â€Å"dominant ideologies,† thereby creating â€Å"a state of domination (Hainsworth). † Moreover, the leading class may hold greater power over the people than the government, according to Gramsci. Besides, all decisions made by the leading class must be democratic in nature. In particular, the subordinate groups should agree with the leading class in matters of economic development as well as legislation, seeing that the people are significantly affected by decisions in these areas. The leading class is allowed by the people to use force against hostile groups. Just the same the force used by the leading class should not exceed the consent of the people (â€Å"Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks†). The work of the United States during the period, 1945 to the Vietnam War, may definitely be understood in the light of Gramsci’s definition of hegemony. U. S. financiers and corporations along with the U. S. government formed the leading class, with the financiers and corporations playing a major role and the government simply voicing their interests through new plans and negotiations with the rest of the world. The role played by the U. S. government on behalf of the ruling class, that is, the financiers and corporations, is comparable to the present role of the media. All the same, it is obvious that the functions of the United States during Pax Americana – if it is believed to be the period, 1945-Vietnam War – were entirely democratic. As a matter of fact, the ideologies of the United States during this period were almost entirely accepted by the rest of the world. The U. S. continued to foster enmity with the Soviet Union. Even so, the subordinate groups did not disagree with this stance of the United States. As the U. S. promoted anticommunist ideologies, subordinate classes preferred them to communist ideologies. Thus, the United States had managed to dominate almost the entire world with its moral, intellectual, and political ideologies. References Beck, R. H. (1970). The Changing Structure of Europe: Economic, Social, and Political Trends. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. Ferguson, N. (2003, Sep-Oct). Hegemony or Empire? Foreign Affairs. Foster, J. B. , McChesney, R. W. (2004, Sep). The American Empire: Pax Americana or Pox Americana. Monthly Review. Frequently Asked Questions. (2008, Jun 11). North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. nato. int/issues/faq/index. html. Hainsworth, S. (2000, May 17). Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory and the Ideological Role of the Mass Media. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://www. cultsock. ndirect. co. uk/MUHome/cshtml/contributions/gramsci2. html. Hearden, P. J. (2002). Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order during World War II. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. Hegemony in Gramsci’s Original Prison Notebooks. Retrieved Dec 10, 2008, from http://socserv2. mcmaster. ca/soc/courses/soc2r3/gramsci/gramheg. htm.

Renaissance and Baroque Eras: Art Comparison

Renaissance and Baroque Eras: Art Comparison Comparing the Eras of the Renaissance and Baroque Since the beginning of time Art has been used as a form of expression. With each historical art era came new advances and techniques. Each era was influenced by the unique characteristics, style and social conditions of its time. Although each era bought forth new forms and unique styles of art many historical art periods were influenced by an earlier period of history. The following essay will describe and explain the characteristics, style and influences of the Renaissance and Baroque eras as individual periods. It will also analyze painting from each period and explain the similarities and differences of both paintings; it will also discuss the relationship between the two eras. A look at the Renaissance The Renaissance era is known as the period of transition into modern day. The term Renaissance originated from the French language meaning rebirth, which precisely describes the period of the Renaissance. The Renaissance began in Italy and quickly spread across Europe between the 14th and 17th century. During this period Europe experienced large social, intellectual and economic changes. Europes ability to surface from the stagnated economy of the Middle Age had large effects on the period. Possibly the most significant and popular advancements made were in the cultural, social and political institutions. The progression into Individualism during the Renaissance made way for major advancements. This progression removed the traditional values of the Church and allowed individuals the freedom to explore the human mind, body and their surroundings. The issue of religion had a significant effect on the Renaissance era. With the Catholic Church tangled up in controversy over power, corrup tion, simony, nepotism and the Popes fathering of illegitimate children, many followers turned away from the Church and embraced a new reformed version of their beliefs causing a decrease power level for the Church. The increase of literacy also affected the Catholic Church, as believers learned more they realized that the Church was preaching only what they favored to the followers. Possibly the most significant religious event during the Renaissance history, was the Protestant Reformation, which was founded by Martin Luther in Germany. The new found views towards religion had major effects on society and their way of thought. Freedom from the Church allowed individuals to explore freely which resulted in a completely new way of life in all fields. (The Renaissance,n.d.) The Renaissance era allowed art to develop and mature far beyond the traditional and conventional religious subject matter to replicate human emotion and realism in art. While religion remained the main influence during the renaissance the origination and recognition of human form, expression and scientific study became very active influences in the arts. Painting and sculpting techniques developed greatly during the Renaissance. Artists began using new techniques such as linear perspective, laws of portion, balance and physical presence. The key distinctiveness that characterized Renaissance art includes an adoration and praise of the human figure and nature, realistic linear perspective and prominence on the association of light and shadow. Most of the best known artists and masterpieces were produced during the Renaissance period. During the Renaissance era famous artists such as Masaccio, Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci created unique and untraditional techniques neve r used before. (The Renaissance,n.d.) A look at the Baroque period The term Baroque originates from the Portuguese language meaning irregular pearl. The era was dubbed the name to imply strangeness and irregularity. The baroque style began roughly at the end of the 16th century and lasted until the mid 17th century. The Baroque style first developed out of the Catholic spectacle and poise associated with the Counter-Reformation. Later, as the technique expanded north, it quickly became famous at royal courts, where it represented the rising rule of the new monarchies. The religious differences which begun during the Renaissance with the Reformation and Counter Reformation continue well into the 17th century. The religious conflict among the two groups influenced art greatly in this era. As a result of the Catholic Churchs Counter-Reformation, amazing churches were built, decorated and furnished to the extreme. Consequently, the demand for unique extraordinary religious themed artwork was great. As the economy flourished many European capitals began to raise, therefore the increase for architecture and decoration was high. (Guisepi, n.d.) Art during the Baroque period produced a sensation of progression, dynamic and apprehension. The technique of powerfully using distinction of light and shadow and a never-ending quantity of space is famous during this era. The presence of passionate spirituality and realism were also vastly utilized. Artists were famous for showing an individuals personalities, passion, emotions and thought merely through their facial expressions. Baroque art was a form of exaggerated Renaissance style art. Baroque painters utilized the fundaments of art distinctively from prior eras. In paintings lines were typically smooth and gentle; the color scheme consisted mainly of a single tone. The difference between shade and little was an essential technique. Time was particularly important to painters during the Baroque era. Artists viewed time as an assessable object. They believed time fades lies away leaving truth and justifies good over evil. The use of time would be a recurring theme throughout the Baroque era. Similar to the Renaissance, the Baroque artists ornamented the interior of grand buildings such as chapels and palaces. Along with art, the Baroque style surpassed the modern form of sculpture. Baroque sculptures were full of uniqueness, expression, and action. The sculptures of this period also expressed a passionate emotional bliss and creativity. (Guisepi, n.d.) Analysis Both the Renaissance and the Baroque eras created several of the most famous artistic works produced in the Western world. While the two eras illustrate distinctive distinction in work style and theme, nonetheless they reveal many characteristics in common. To better understand the similarities of the eras a comparison of two works of art from the two different periods is helpful. The two paintings that will be analyzed and compared are Leonard da Vincis Mona Lisa and Peter Paul Rubens The Straw Hat. Analysis of the Mona Lisa The woman portrayed in the Mona Lisa painting is known as La Gioconda or the Smiling One. The structure of the Mona Lisa forms a pyramid shape, her folded arms and hands serving as the bottom base, her shoulders and arms forming the sides and her head as the peak all connecting to form a pyramid. The support on which her left arm lays is hardly noticeable, extending to a vanishing armrest. Leonard da Vincis keen Renaissance period infatuation with features and detail is enthusiastically obvious in the painting. The smallest details such as the creases in her gown, the superior use of detail of the background, and the structure of her hair are accurately and thoroughly painted. The painting looks as though it was submersed in a smoky haze which was created by da Vincis expert ability to gradual blend one area of color into another without a sharp outline. This technique allows the viewer to recognize the shadows and light of both the image and background. The paintings lighting is sub missive, however extremely natural. The use of natural and realistic highlighting and shadowing characterize the shape, features and expression of Mona Lisa. Unlike her face, her dark tone clothing easily blends into the softly lit setting behind her, merging the work of art in the classical Renaissance manner. Regardless of the proficiently blended colors, the features of the scenery behind Mona Lisa are obviously noticeable, another distinctive technique of the Renaissance. The utilization of linear perspective is delicately understated due to the absents of individually positioned lines, but nonetheless are still present and noticeable, as the observer stares back into the scenery the vanishing point can easily be located behind the head of the figure. The stream flowing behind her, the distant mountains, the path and canal near the center of the painting are distinctive features of the painting regardless of the haze and create addition interest to the entire painting. ( da Vinc i, 1605) Analysis of The Straw Hat The subject of Peter Paul Rubens The Straw Hat is Susanna Fourment. In the painting Fourments stand is positioned to formed a pyramid structure. Resembling the structure of the Mona Lisa her folded arms also serve as a base, her shoulders and arms as the sides and her head as the peak all corresponding to form a pyramid like shape. The hat on her head is placed casually with a minor slant, which creates a line that cuts the peak of the pyramid. Her flared skirt which is slightly noticeably under her folded arms creates the sense of a second, shorter pyramid that is concealed under the first. In his painting, Rubens demonstrates the classic Baroque freestyle brushstrokes. This technique is noticeably observed in the features of Fouments dress and hat. Her laced cuff and the feathers in her hat are visibly identifiable; however their finer details are buried by the graceful flowing brushstrokes, which is a typical technique of the Baroque era. Rubens employed the classic Baroque method of strongly contrasting shadows and lights to highlight and focus on features in his painting. To create a naturalistic light in the painting the lighting was focus directly on Fourment. Rubens use of strong bold colors for Fourments clothes along with the contrast of color and texture among fabric and skin allow her to stand out and clearly portray her as the focal point of the painting. The backdrop of this painting is merely a mistily illustrated group of clouds with a hint of blue sky scarcely peeping through. As a result, the background of The Straw Hat painting is utterly inferior to the focal point of the piece. Without distinctive images in the backdrop to supply an allusion point, the use of linear perspective is unseen. ( Rubens, 1625) Similarities in both paintings Both artists treat the similar themed topic according to the technique of their particular periods. Both paintings illustrate a young lady in nearly identical poses, both bodies are positioned at a 75 degree angle with the head somewhat turned back in the direction of the observer. Both women have their hands carefully positioned under the bust in front of them. Both woman gaze towards the right of the viewer neither one stares directly towards the viewer. Both women display a slight content grin on their faces. Another similarity among the paintings is observed in the background of both painting. Both paintings create mysterious and foggy sceneries behind the woman. In addition Rubens composition resembles the Mona Lisa so much that many questioned if Ruben intentionally setup his painting that way. Differences of the paintings In the Mona Lisa painting da Vinci uses precise and magnificent technique in the details of the background; the eras passion for details is enthusiastically noticeable. On the other hand, the background of The Straw Hat demands no attention. During the Baroque era artist primarily focused on the main subject matter. Another difference in the paintings is the use of linear perspective, in the Mona Lisa da Vinici creates a clear vanishing point in the background of his painting, unlike Rubenss painting were he pays no attention to the background scenery and only focuses on the main subject. Another distinction in the paintings is the color scheme, in the Mona Lisa deep dark colors are blended smoothly with the background and the sfumato technique is used perfectly to bring focus to the details of both the image and background, in The Straw Hat bold daring color tones are used to make the image stand out, also instead of the sfumato technique Rubens uses the traditional Baroque techniqu e of combining strongly differing lights and shadows to focus on and emphasize the features in his painting. Relationship and connection of both historical eras Although both eras are unique in different respects, yet the eras share similarities and also continuing relationship. The Baroque era is said to have been generated at the end of the Renaissance era, which progressed to a dramatic, illuminate, energetic sophisticated form of art. The techniques of the Baroque art era united the sophisticated techniques and magnificent advances of the Renaissance along with the emotion, intensity and drama of the high Renaissance with the Baroque style of mixing the basic fundaments of the naturalist and classicist manners that are characterized by magnificence, energy and emotional enthusiasm. Many art scholars consider the Baroque style a representation and continuation of the Renaissance era. Similar characteristics of both eras include the use of light and color, focus on realism and idealism, strong perspective effects, religious themes and nude portraits. ( Myers, n.d.) To conclude the Renaissance and Baroque eras generated several of the most celebrated artist as well as masterpieces of all time. Although both eras share many similarities each era has its own unique characteristics and is unique in its own way.

Fall of the House of Usher Essay -- Literary Analysis, Poe, Gilman

What do our two characters have in common but the simple fact that they are loosing their minds. In the â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher† Poe tells the story of an individual deeply plagued by a dieing sister and a long line of family mishaps. He is a prisoner within his own mind, with no possibility of escape. As with â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Gilman tells of a woman deeply plagued by her own mind. She is drawn into a reality of her own where she is the only one that can free herself. In being prisoners these two main characters share a common theme and a sense of symbolism in the way that they live and go about each day. The story lines though very different, each tell a unique story of impressments and the deaths of ones own mind. Imprisonment within ones self can be a terrible tragedy. Roderick in the â€Å"Fall of the House of Usher† is a prisoner within his own mind. He is trapped in the house because he feels as though that is the only place he belongs. In a dialog between the narrator and Roderick we see the proof in this, â€Å"To an anomalous species of terror I found him a bound slave. â€Å"I shall perish,† said he, â€Å"I must perish in this deplorable folly. Thus, thus, and not otherwise, shall I be lost. I dread the events of the future, not in themselves, but in their results. I shudder at the thought of any, even the most trivial, incident, which may operate upon this intolerable agitation of soul†Ã¢â‚¬  (Poe 235). As with the narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, we see that she is a prisoner within her mind as well. A small dialog between the narrator and her husband John tells us of her belief in this very thought, â€Å"John is so pleased to see me improve! He laughed a lit... ...racter is vastly different yet they both share the similar notion of imprisonment within themselves. Roderick fights battles within his brain as to whether his actions were right, and will the resurrection of his sister actually take place. Will she be a dead, but living ghost of who she was? And would she come after him? Yes and yes as you could see, she did come back and she did come after Roderick. As for the old woman, she was a steadfast woman strong and sure of everything and it was the yellow wallpaper that finally drove her to her insanity. Both start sane and end insane. Yet each has a completely different way of going about it. Both Roderick and the old lady battle with their own demons inside their heads by the end of their own stories. Each a different battle yet in the end, Insanity is but a common factor.

Media Portrayal of Female and Male Body Image :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

This summary is not available. Please click here to view the post.

Persuasive Memorandum Essay

Under Armour has established itself as a highly successful sports wear brand, the reason for its success is the fact that products manufactured by U.A are designed with full understanding of an athlete’s needs. The U.A’s branded store at Annapolis appears to be highly popular among sports enthusiasts as it offers them a unique opportunity to experience the entire range of U.A’s products 2 The sales associates at the Annapolis store are a highly knowledgeable team, and possess an in-depth knowledge of U.A’s extensive product line. Presently our sales associates are highly capable of assisting customers in choosing the right product for an intended purpose, however there is a need to retrain our sales team so that in addition to addressing the customers intended purpose, they can determine the customers physical condition or body type and recommend a product that ideally suits the customer. Why does U.A need to retrain its Sales Associates? No two individuals can ever be same so a product that suits one person’s body type may not necessarily suite the others body type. For instance when a customer asks for a pair running shoe, our sales associates will be capable of showing them the complete range of running shoes, and then let the customer take his pick. In order to guarantee customer satisfaction it is essential to determine the customers foot type, whether he/she has a supinator, pronator or neutral arched foot 3. This knowledge will help the sales associate to recommend a shoe that is most likely to provide optimal fit and maximize performance. In the same way other products such as inner wear need to confirm to the wearer’s physical condition in order to ensure an optimal fit and comfort, hence a retraining programme is required to develop these skills among our sales associates. Advantages of the retraining programme The retraining programme will add value to the Under Armour brand, people will begin to identify the brand as one that truly assists athletes in achieving superior performance. Customer satisfaction levels may increase, because when customers are given a product that suits both their need and their body type, there is seldom room for complaints. The retraining programme will make the sales associate more confident and help them to increase their knowledge base, and learn more about newly introduced product categories such as footwear which was launched in April 2006 4. The concept of providing high level technical assistance to buyers will serve as an addition to the company’s U.S.P’s (Unique Selling Points), this may lead to increase in company’s retail sales. Major Concerns related to the retraining programme A primary concern related to the retraining programme is that, it will effect the operations across several departments. Revision and up gradation of the existing product training programme will require collaborated effort from product design department and the training department hence this may effect normal operations of the product design department, however the advantages of the retraining programme will far outweigh minor inconveniences that shall be encountered in the process of implementing this idea. Concerns about the training programme hampering the store operations can be taken care of by dividing the sales associates into maximum number of small batches, this will ensure that sufficient staff is available at the store while each batch in turn undergoes intensive product training. It is hoped that the retraining programme will help in creation of a highly skilled sales force capable of providing the customers with a unique shopping experience.